Cranioplasty, explained

Understanding cranioplasty

The basics: what the operation is, why it matters, and how it's done.

• What it isThe operation, why it's needed, and own bone versus implants.
• Why it mattersProtection, brain function and the syndrome of the trephined.
• TimingHow surgeons decide when, and what the research says.
• The procedureFrom the CT scan and implant design to surgery and recovery.

For patients and families

What to expect and how to prepare for recovery at home.

• Patient journeyBefore, during and after surgery, with recovery tips and warning signs.
• Recovery suppliesWhat to look for in helmets, pillows, shower chairs and more.
• Questions to askA checklist to bring to your surgeon.

Implants and evidence

The materials, the companies that make them, and what the research shows.

• Implant materialsOwn bone, PMMA, PEEK, titanium, hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene.
• Side-by-sideOne table comparing every material.
• US manufacturersWho makes cranial implants in the US, with FDA clearance sources.
• What the evidence saysWhere the studies agree, disagree, and what's emerging.

For hospitals, and reference

Purchasing considerations, helpful outside resources, definitions and every source we cite.

• Value analysisEvidence and questions for value analysis committees.
• ResourcesHelplines, support groups, billing help and research databases.
• GlossaryPlain-language definitions of the terms you'll hear.
• ReferencesEvery peer-reviewed and hospital source, with links.

In-depth guides

Focused, sourced guides on recovery and on what the research says.

• Cranioplasty Cost and Implant PricesWhat published studies say about cranioplasty costs, how implants change the bill, and what to ask your insurer.
• What Happens If a Cranioplasty FailsWhy a cranioplasty sometimes has to be redone, how often it happens, and what revision surgery involves.
• Cranioplasty Infection RatesHow often infection happens, how it varies by material, possible risk factors, and what happens next.
• The First Week Home After CranioplastyWound care, washing your hair, pain, tiredness, activity limits and the warning signs to watch for.
• PEEK vs Titanium CranioplastyHow the two most common custom implant materials compare on complications, exposure, infection and revision.
• Protective Helmets After CraniectomyWho needs one, when to wear it, how it should fit, and why not all helmets protect equally.

All guides